什么是COPD？
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is just not one disease. It is a group of diseases characterized by breathing difficulties. COPD includes emphysema, damaged air sacs in the lungs, chronic bronchitis, and inflamed airways. In COPD, the airways are narrowed due to inflammation, making it harder to breathe.
COPD影响全球人口的10.1％，每年造成超过300万人死亡。但是，许多患有COPD的人不知道他们有COPD。
COPD的最常见症状是呼吸困难，艰难的运动，持续的咳嗽，痰液产生，喘息和频繁的胸部感染。患者还可能会出现突然的恶化症状，称为加重。恶化通常是由呼吸道感染引起的。
In COPD, the damage to airways is permanent, but progression of the disease may be slowed through careful management. COPD is often treated with inhalers and medicines designed to make breathing easier and many patients also benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation, a specialized program of exercise and education. A limited number of patients may also benefit from surgical interventions. The most effective way to slow down the progression of COPD is to quit smoking.
越来越多的临床医生和研究人员看到慢性阻塞性肺病as one component of systemic disorder. COPD patients often suffer from a number of additional chronic conditions beyond the lungs, known as comorbidities, which are associated with increased risk of adverse events and death. Some common comorbidities include ischemic heart disease, heart failure, osteoporosis, gastroesophageal reflux, anxiety, and depression.
Who is affected by COPD?
COPD影响全球人口的10.1％，每年造成超过300万人死亡；但是，许多患有COPD的人不知道他们有COPD。
COPDis often thought of as a disease of the old age. However, early identification is crucial because early interventions, especially smoking cessation, can reduce the decline of lung function.
在低到中型收入国家中，除吸烟外，用于加热和烹饪的生物质燃料中的烟雾被认为是COPD的主要环境危险因素。暴露于这种烟雾的早期开始，这可能会影响肺发育，并可能导致疾病非吸烟者。
过去，COPD被认为是烟草吸烟引起的主要自我疾病。但是，我们现在了解到它的发展要复杂得多。并非所有吸烟者都会患上COPD，一些非吸烟者可以发展这种疾病。遗传学，表观遗传学，肺发育，早期生活暴露以及室内和室外空气污染在COPD的发展和加剧中的作用是研究人员的重要主题。
How do we end COPD?
切换到更干净的能源来加热和烹饪，improving indoor ventilation在areas that use biomass fuels减少呼吸道症状，肺功能下降和COPD风险。但是，烟草吸烟仍然是COPD的最常见原因。因此，结束COPD的最佳策略是：戒烟。通过广泛的公共卫生运动，吸烟禁令和税收，吸烟水平大大降低。尽管如此，全球11亿人still smoked tobacco in 2015。
这世界卫生组织到2025年，欧洲地区尚未达到目标的目标，将吸烟相对减少30％设定了自愿目标。在英国，14.1％的成年人口仍在吸烟，但政府宣布了制定'Smoke Free England’ by 2030.约80％of the world’s smokers live in low-to-middle income countries, reducing smoking in these areas is imperative if we want to end COPD.
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