概念模型说明了公共研究如何与私人研发互动

生物医学和健康研究的好处是什么？这是任何决定资助研究的核心问题 - 政府代表纳税人还是代表捐助者制作的医学研究慈善机构。

但与此同时，这是一个具有挑战性的问题 - 有一组多年生问题，，，，such as the time it takes for research to move from bench to bedside, benefits arising from many different research projects, and the vexing issue of measuring and actually valuing research.

在过去心血管疾病andcancer。

对于两项研究，我们都确定了两种影响。首先是健康增长，即（净）货币化的寿命更长，更健康的健康利益。第二个是“ GDP收益”，即公共和后果私营部门生物医学和健康研究活动，包括其他私营部门研究与发展（R＆D）支出，这是对更广泛的经济的好处。

Much of the economic gain from public biomedical and health research is achieved by stimulating additional private industry R&D. Such ‘spillovers’ from public to private research are often a deliberate policy objective of spending on public research.

最简单的是，通过对疾病领域投入投资的研究金额，并将其与通过质量调整后的生命年（QALYS）衡量的健康增益有关，可以估算货币化的健康益处。

The relationship between the inputs (money) and outcomes (health gain) are adjusted for estimates of the amount of time it takes for research to translate to improvements in health and for the amount of the health gain that can be attributed to UK research (as opposed to research from other countries).

By relating these four pieces of information we estimated that the health benefit rate of return (RoR) was 9% for cardiovascular research and 10% for cancer research. To get an overall estimate of the RoR to public research you then have to add these health gain estimates to the effect on GDP.

'溢出效应

在之前的学习我们依靠美国其他人的研究，并提出了GDP衡量的回报率，这是健康收益的9％-10％的回报。这一30％的估计是通过查看公共部门研究资金影响多少私营部门研究投资来得出的，然后将这笔额外资金乘以从社会回报率回到私人研发的文献中的估计。

在a recentpaper published在BMC Medicine我们已经开发了最新的估算，并且是针对英国的特定估算值，即生物医学和健康研究中的公共/私人溢出范围。

We were interested in investigating whether public and private sector research ‘complement’ each other or are ‘substitutes’.

Complementarity is when investments in one sector stimulate activity in another sector; substitution occurs when investment in one sector replaces activity in the other.

We fitted an econometric model to time series for biomedical and health R&D expenditure in the UK for ten disease areas (including ‘other’) for the public and private sectors respectively.

We found that there was a statistically significant complementary relationship between public (government plus charity) biomedical and health research expenditure and private pharmaceutical R&D expenditure in the UK.

经济影响

A 1% increase in public sector expenditure is associated in the best-fit model with a 0.81% increase in private sector expenditure. With that magnitude of relationship, every additional £1 of public research expenditure is associated with an additional £0.99 of private sector R&D spend in the UK; 44% of that additional private sector expenditure occurs within one year, with the remainder accumulating over decades.

使用这些新的估计，我们可以通过使用与早期对私人研发回报率的社会回报率相同的估计来重新估计英国生物医学和健康研究对英国经济的总影响。

This implies a real annual rate of return (in terms of GDP impact) to public biomedical and health research in the UK of around 17% (as opposed to our earlier figure of around 30%).

我们应该强调的是，这并不意味着在生物医学和健康研究方面的经济回报率下降了 - 我们在本文中开发的是针对英国的当代估计。

的确，当与净健康益处（C10％）结合使用时，英国政府总回报率和慈善研究投资约为27％，这是任何人的书的大量投资回报率。