In the classroom, we often talk about important global issues such as climate change, land-use land-cover change and the impact of invasive species. However, for most citizens, including for many of our students, these large-scale issues are difficult to connect with their local day-to-day experiences. Conversely, it is also difficult to appreciate how the individual choices we make every day, such as what we buy, where we live, where we travel, and whether or not we vaccinate our children, culminate to global scale patterns.

在这篇中,我提出一个“glocalized”模式f teaching and learning to help students better appreciate the connections between local and global issues in disease ecology. The term “glocal” and“ Glocalization”originates from the 1980s as a combination of “globalization” and “localization”, and refers to the merging of local and global perspectives, where the growing importance of continental or global issues combines with the increasing importance of local and regional differences. It was popularized in economics and political science by Thomas Friedman’s book (The World is Flat), and a good example is the adaptation of multinational corporations and brands (such as Starbucks or MacDonald’s) to the cultures and norms of the countries they expanded into at the end of the 20^th世纪。

“Glocalized” learning and teachingfocuses on blending and connecting local and global contexts when teaching and learning concepts that apply across different levels of scale, in fields such as sustainability, environmental science, and disease ecology. Learning becomes effective when put into local context because students are better able to relate to the content and material through familiar examples. The focus becomes discovering the connections between the local issues and the global concepts studied during class.

Every spring, I have the privilege of teaching Disease Ecology in my senior capstone (BIOL490) class at the Department of Biology at Eastern Washington University. In this class, senior undergraduate students learn theconcepts of disease ecology(如稀释效应和溢出),正如我们ll as conduct hands on research projects in disease ecology in groups. While the concepts they learn are globally relevant, their research projects are focused on locally relevant systems, such as ticks and mosquitoes, and the diseases they transmit in our area. The aim is to use these local systems as examples through which the students can appreciate the global concepts discussed in class. I asked my students to provide short summaries of their research projects, which illustrate some of these connections. Please read them below.

水养分状况负责影响疾病媒介的发展和繁殖力

Sydnee Henry, Dane Anderson and David Nguyen

蚊子由于疾病向量的作用，对人类构成了严重威胁。美国最常见的蚊子传播病原体是西尼罗河病毒（WNV），它感染了人类，马和鸟类。我们想了解溶解营养素的间接影响（否₃和PO₄) on mosquito development time, survival, and fecundity. If a relationship can be established between the micronutrient content of mosquito breeding sites, larval development time, and adult fecundity, public health officials and disease ecologists could potentially identify at-risk water bodies (and in-turn control/neutralize them). The treatments were nitrate, phosphate, and a combination of nitrate and phosphate. There was 22 mg/L of NO₃和PO₄for each treatment. The positive control contained spring water, stagnant water from Turnbull Wildlife Refuge, and yeast for food. Each container was filled with 150 mL of spring water. There were 10 larvae per container. There were 3 replicates for each treatment and positive control. The living and the dead were counted each day at each life stage (stages 1-4 for larvae, in addition to pupae and adult stages). If adults emerged, sex and genus were determined using a dissecting microscope. Wingspan measurements were also taken as female wingspan is an indicator of fecundity. We found that NO₃和PO₄影响化合的概率，但不会影响出现的可能性。每种治疗中的chit量的比例为否₃(19/30), control (24/40), NO₃和PO₄(7/30), and PO₄（1/30）。我们还发现没有₃和PO₄did not affect mean wingspan in adult mosquitoes or in the female subset.

Ultimately, results garnered indicated that NO₃和PO₄对化合的概率有间接影响，在NO中幼虫增加了₃治疗。我们最初认为否₃和PO₄combination would significantly affect development time compared to the other treatments. Were this experiment to be repeated, ensuring homogenous age and genus of the mosquitoes is imperative. Additionally, measuring bacterial populations of the breeding containers would offer insight into the relationship between water nutrients and mosquito development and fecundity.

Survey of White Nose Syndrome (Pseudogymnoascus destructans) and General Health with Disease Progression in Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) in Lincoln County, Washington

Alejandro Batalla, Shelby Fettig, Matt Hellem, Elizabeth Peoples, Natalie Rudnev and Nate Sik

Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) populate most of the United States. Currently, these bat populations are threatened due to a fungal skin infection caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), also called White Nose Syndrome (WNS). WNS affects bats during their winter hibernation and when infected, they utilize higher energy level to fight off the infection. This also results in decreased torpor and usage of fat reserves in search for food to compensate high energy use. This issue leads to starvation due to low food resource in winter and can ultimately lead to their death. WNS is mostly prevalent on the East Coast where it is estimated to have killed 94% of bat populations. However, records of disease incidence of WNS shows progression to the west coast and has been recently found in bat populations in Western Washington. Our group participated in a survey of bat populations in Lincoln County, WA with local Fish and Wildlife Services to determine health of little brown bats in the area. We used standard methods to determine infection status on site as well as culturing methods in the lab. We also measured forearm length, weight, and took counts of ectoparasites mites found on bat wings. We found no evidence of Pd, thus we cannot extrapolate any correlation between disease and ectoparasite presence. However, we did find that bats with parasites have bacterial communities that were less diverse and had less colonies of bacteria. This can indicate an increased chance of obtaining Pd within the colony on bats with ectoparasites. It is important to keep a close watch on local bat populations to better understand the disease and to keep population declines to a minimum.

Dirofilaria immitis and heartworm prevalence in mosquitoes and dogs in Spokane County

Lacey Sell，Hannah Bergquist，Irina Vasilchenko，本杰明·汤普森

Dirofilaria Immitis是一种寄生虫，会引起该疾病，称为Heart虫。心丝虫可以感染狗，猫，野生动植物哺乳动物，甚至人类。它是一种媒介传播的疾病，它通过包括埃德斯和蚊子在内的各种蚊子传播，两者在局部存在。由于知道最近有记录了斯波坎县犬只在当地感染了心脏虫的犬，并且在全国范围内的研究显示出来，我们的目标是评估我们地区内的D. immitis的患病率，并查看案件甚至是否增加流行病很可能在不久的将来。华盛顿州卫生局和农业卫生部的地方兽医诊所为我们提供了有关当地和整个美国当前心脏虫子案例的数据。公司₂-baited CDC light traps were then used at Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge in Cheney, WA to trap and collect mosquitoes, and those collected were dissected and observed under a light microscope to look for indications of Heartworm infection. Our results show that none of the trapped mosquitoes were infected with D. immitis, and that at this time Heartworm has not yet successfully invaded into the Spokane County region. However, control and prevention are still crucial, as increases of infection could be seen if proper measures are not taken.

特恩布尔国家野生动物保护区的蚊子监视和实验室殖民

香农·罗宾斯（Shannon Robbins），萨曼莎（Samantha）负责人，chiayo koffman，sonja kuhta，trever dzedzy

The goal of our project was to gain a better understanding of the mosquito population in Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge for the purpose of monitoring an important local disease vector, as well as using these mosquitos to explore methods for colony establishment in Dr. Magori’s lab on Eastern Washington University campus. Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge has been monitored for mosquito population density and seasonality since 2014. Dr. Krisztian Magori and his students at Eastern Washington University have conducted these studies for previous years, starting later in season than our study. We did collect less mosquitos than in previous years as we expected, however we did discover more Aedes mosquitoes than previous collections. Colonization was also attempted previously without success. For colonization we have encountered similar obstacles to Dr. Magori’s previous attempts. Namely it is difficult to get the captive mosquito colony to accept a blood meal from the artificial delivery mechanisms we have tried. The only accepted feedings were when an arm was offered for them to feed off of, which is not a sustainable feeding method. Without a successful blood meal the colony will not breed, so it is critical for the establishment of a lab colony that a reliable method for blood meal delivery is developed. In order to achieve significant results with future studies it is imperative that collection protocols match previous efforts for reliable data, and colonization attempts could be successful with specific measures made to cater to the individual genus found in our area.

黑线虫与大小和季节的存在和丰富性

Karina Cardenas, Martina Davis, Mahdieh Lashgari, Kristen Tattrie

我们考虑了华盛顿切尼的特恩布尔野生动物保护区，考虑到布鲁克棍子的种群与身体大小和季节性的大多数。为了启动该项目，我们将Minnow陷阱放在避难所，黑手，中松和吉普尔湖泊的三个湖泊中。第二天早上，我们收集了Minnow陷阱，并使用MS-222实施了粘性。粘背被带回实验室进行测量和解剖。我们还使用了2017年10月从Collection冻结的Stickleback样本，然后我们比较了2018年春季收藏中发现的大量线虫。在春季收藏中，没有发现线虫，但是在2017年秋季的收藏中，棍子中有10％的线虫存在。秋季的存在，但不是在春季的出现，可能是由于季节的差异，因为春季收藏是最近发生在一个严酷的冬天之后发生的，而秋天的收藏是在炎热干燥的夏天之后发生的。

Honey bee health and gut microbial community in relation to their diet

Nicole Bilyeu, Sophie Owens, Emily Nimri, Morgan Sample, Daniel Franzese

Honey bees play a large role in both ecology and the economy. For this reason, their declining numbers are beginning to raise concern. While much research is being done to try and save the bees, and the environment with it, there is yet to be a breakthrough. Our research aims to understand how different feeding treatments affect the health of honey bees. We examined 16 different colonies split evenly into two different locations. Half the colonies at each location were fed sugar while the other half were fed nectar. An initial measurement and sample was taken, followed by another the end of our three-week trial. We used three different measures to quantify the health of the colonies; changes in colony weight, quantity and diversity of gut microbes, and the number of frames containing brood in each hive. Our results showed that the different feeding treatments did not have a significant impact on colony health. Nor was there significance to having hives in different locations. It is necessary, however, to consider the shortness of our trial period when moving forward with these findings, as more time might have provided different results.

我在这里提出的“ glocalized”教学的想法并不是什么新鲜事。教师和教育者一直使用上面详细信息的本地系统，作为说明全球现象的示例。这里的区别在于这些本地经历的故意概念化，目的是在本地和全球过程之间建立心理联系。刚刚开始这个过程，我还没有具体的证据表明我已经实现了这一目标。下一个逻辑步骤将是开发教育工具，例如术前和后期，以评估这种“ glocalized”课程的有效性，以实现这些结果。请继续关注明年！