Philosophical concepts are constantly appealed to in practice: the principle of ‘solidarity’, the ‘nudge’ theory, informed consent, LGBT debates questioning traditional categories of sex and gender – these are all examples of philosophical questions turned into practice (CC0 Licence on Pexels)

This content was originally发表在Springeropen博客上。

Ismail Serageldin曾经将科学的美德之一描述为“建设性的颠覆性”，换句话说，在寻找真理时，被公认的范式的挑战。Philosophy’s task is also to question sometimes cherished assumptions.

Why philosophy is needed in the life sciences, and why is it important?

（（Hub Zwart):For various reasons. First of all, life sciences entail a philosophy of their own, a particular understanding of life as such and of human life in particular. This understanding must be articulated, probed and assessed by philosophy. Moreover, the implications of life sciences research for human existence and society must be assessed as well.

（（Ruth Chadwick):Ismail Serageldin曾经将科学的美德之一描述为“建设性的颠覆性”，换句话说，在寻找真理时，被公认的范式的挑战。哲学的任务也是要质疑有时珍贵的假设，并提高对世界和人类生活的理解，其中包括科学本身的基础。

目前，从哲学的角度来看，生物学家和生物伦理学家最具挑战性或未解决的问题是什么？

（（Hub Zwart):We seem to be entering a new era of “neo-life”: life becomes reproducible, can be drastically altered and refurbished (synthetic biology, CRISPR/Cas9), and so on. On the one hand, we are probably exaggerating things, since an element of hype and over-promising seems to be at work. On the other hand, to the extent that this is true: do we have the ethics in place to contain this development – the Cambrian explosion of technologically produced “neo-life” of hybrid life, on the level of cells, but also of organisms (robotics).

Philosophy is addressing the experiences, expectations and concerns of humans exposed to waves of new technologies and new forms of information. More than any other field, philosophy aspired to develop a diagnostics of the present: once a purely academic and introspective endeavour, philosophy has become relevant again.

（（Ruth Chadwick):基因编辑被描述为一种“破坏者技术”，重要的是要考虑一下这意味着什么，以及它是否对道德本身具有“破坏性”。这可能是关于什么是关于躯体干预措施和种系干预之间的概念和道德差异的普遍共识的质疑。

另一个越来越紧迫的问题涉及生命科学与机器人技术之间的界面，即机器人技术进行改变的潜力，包括在农业科学中，这可能对社会生活产生了巨大影响。指某东西的用途可穿戴技术要监视我们的健康和生活方式的不同方面，需要仔细考虑隐私问题。

哲学不仅仅是理论。您能列举一些实践中典型“哲学”问题的直接后果的例子？

（（Hub Zwart):也许比任何其他领域都更重要的是，哲学目前正在解决技术科学对人类生活世界，经历，期望和关切的影响，这些人的经验，期望和关切暴露于新技术的浪潮和新形式的信息。比任何其他领域都更加渴望开发当前的诊断。哲学（曾经是纯粹的学术和内省的努力）再次变得相关。

（（Ruth Chadwick):Philosophical concepts are constantly appealed to in practice. The principle of ‘solidarity’, for example, is frequently appealed to in the light of terrorist threats, when leaders vow to stand ‘shoulder to shoulder’. But solidarity, while it may seem like an abstract philosophical concept, is also the basis of health systems such as the NHS.

考虑我们如何制定问题总是很重要的。哲学质疑我们最基本的假设，因此这样做可以帮助我们思考框架之外的东西。

Theoretical work on ‘轻推’is proving very powerful in relation to public health, e.g. in trying to make people take more responsibility for their weight and fitness.

一个像知情同意一样普遍的想法在哲学理论上具有基础，并且根据新的科学发展，道德哲学家和其他人不断重新审视一个话题，以查看它是否可以继续保证对新个人的保护情况。

Current trends in LGBT debates have involved questioning of traditional categories of sex and gender. This has both philosophical and ethical implications.

哲学研究及其对科学，政策和社会的影响带来的好处是什么？

（（Hub Zwart):对于哲学，审议很重要，因为社会辩论是一个哲学实验室。我认为，最重要的影响来自将研究结果转化，来自主动审议，对话和反思，教学，即对科学专业的学生和早期研究人员的教育 - 使用德语单词，Bildung。

（（Ruth Chadwick):考虑我们如何制定问题总是很重要的。哲学质疑我们最基本的假设，因此这样做可以帮助我们思考框架之外的东西。

Professor Hub Zwart studied philosophy and psychology at Radboud University Nijmegen. In 2000 he became full professor of philosophy at the Faculty of Science. In 2004, he established the Centre for Society and Genomics (CSG) at this department, a national centre for research and societal interaction concerning the societal and philosophical implications of emerging research fields, funded by NGI, and acted as CSG’s scientific director. In 2005, he established the Institute for Science, Innovation and Society (ISIS). He is also editor-in-Chief of the SpringerOpen journalLife Sciences, Society and Policy。他出版了10本书和75篇论文，并有监督20博士学位。学生。

露丝·查德威克（Ruth Chadwick）教授于2014年加入曼彻斯特大学，担任生物伦理学教授。从2002年至2013年，她导演了ESRC基因组学经济和社会方面（Cesagen）：兰开斯特 - 卡达夫合作。露丝共同编辑期刊BioethicsandLife Sciences, Society and Policy,等众多机构有限公司uncil of the Human Genome Organisation, the Panel of Eminent Ethical Experts of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), and the UK Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes (ACNFP). She is Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences; of the Hastings Center, New York; of the Royal Society of Arts; and of the Royal Society of Biology. In 2005 she won the World Technology Network Award for Ethics and in 2014 she was elected Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.