捆包猴子（chortocebus djamdjamensis.）是一种树木居住，罕见的灵长类动物，限于小于地理范围 - 小于12500平方公里 - 在欧洲南部的埃塞俄比亚高地。完整的森林栖息地的捆包是竹专家食草动物，依靠单一的高地竹子（Arundinaria Alpina）占他们的年饮食的77-81％，这主要是年轻的叶子和射击。

Habitat alteration and climate change are the major threats to biodiversity conservation, particularly for those specialist, rare species inhabiting small geographic ranges. These species are assumed to be less flexible at adapting to a changing environment than generalist species. Similar to other bamboo specialist mammals, such as giant pandas and bamboo lemurs, Bale monkeys are currently at high risk of extinction because of habitat alteration.

Bale monkeys are classified as a Vulnerable species by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with a total population size of less than 10,000 individuals and a general trend of population decline.

除了Bale猴子，埃塞俄比亚哈博尔斯另外两个Chortocebus.物种：黑龙猴（C. pygerythrus.的）and the grivet monkey (C。Aethiops.的）。These two species are widely distributed in Africa, semi-terrestrial ecological generalists, inhabiting a variety of habitats and consuming a diverse diet of plant species and invertebrates.

研究表明，了解濒危物种的人口遗传结构对于设计成功的科学管理计划至关重要，以确保长期生存。因此，我们旨在调查使用线粒体DNA（MTDNA）的连续森林和森林片段的捆包猴群的遗传多样性和播种地理。

从5月到2013年12月，在连续森林和九个分散森林中的九个地区，共收集了119名盗重猴粪便样本。我们从这些样品中提取，扩增和分析了MTDNA。我们还包括埃塞俄比亚其他绿色猴子的共有12个样本，以便比较。

Deep genetic differentiation

It was very surprising to find a strong and deep genetic differentiation between the Bale monkey populations inhabiting continuous forest and those inhabiting fragmented forests dating back 2.8 million years and corresponding to their geographic structuring.

居住在连续森林的捆绑猴人群之间存在强烈而深入的遗传分化，居住在280万年后的碎片森林植物

值得注意的是，碎片森林中的盗重猴子与他们的姐妹种类（长臂猿和格里集）比连续森林中的消费者更密切相关，这表明森林片段中的母鸡猴与与栖息地改变相关的周围地区的长远和格雷斯之间的森林片段之间的杂交。

Bale猴子居住在捆包山脉的完整竹林，表明它们是罗麦基源人口的源头，而且不太可能是混合动力车。

在连续森林和森林碎片中的捆包猴群体不仅在其遗传学中不同，而且在其生态学，形态和肠道微生物群中不同。这些差异进一步支持基因流动已经改变了破碎的森林中的Bale猴人群的基因库的假设，使这些猴子生态柔性，更类似于其他猴子Chortocebus.species.

捆包猴子的未来

由于连续森林和森林碎片中的捆绑猴群体之间的清晰而深入的遗传结构，因此在为盗版猴子的保护策略实施时，我们提出了两个单独的管理单位。对于连续森林盗版猴子，我们建议改善其完整的竹林栖息地的保护。对于分散的森林人群，我们建议连接森林碎片以增加分离群之间的基因流动。

总的来说,这项研究的结果增加通用电气neral understanding of how habitat fragmentation and hybridization together have shaped the genetic structure of the rare, range-restricted and bamboo-specialist Bale monkey.

We do acknowledge, however, that our genetic analysis should be interpreted with caution because we used a single and maternally inherited mtDNA locus that tells us only about the maternal history. Further research focusing on bi-parentally and paternally inherited genetic markers, as well as morphological and ecological studies is needed to understand the evolutionary history of this unusual species.