Johannes Vermeer的最新科学发现情妇和女仆将关于杰作的多年生误解置于休息

情妇和女仆stands out among the paintings of Johannes Vermeer for its large figures set against a plain background. The relatively simple composition has been a source of puzzlement to scholars for decades. In this post, Silvia Centeno and Dorothy Mahon outline their recent analysis of the painting and what they learnt about it in the process.

作为我们在博物馆和其他文化机构工作的一部分,我们,科学家,保护者和艺术史学家在显微镜下和使用非侵入性的分析和成像技术来审问艺术品。

The elegantly dressed mistress is dramatically lit, while the modestly costumed maid emerges from the dark background

In some cases, important questions cannot be answered by these techniques alone, so micro-samples the size of a period in a 10-point font size writing are taken using surgical tools.

Sometimes, samples removed several decades ago exist in archives which are revisited with newly developed, more powerful micro-analytical methods. The development and improvement of these methods are crucial to get as much as information as possible from these tiny, precious fragments.

然而,人类的眼睛是一个非常强大的分析al tool, so looking at the work of art with the naked eye and under a microscope and bringing different professional perspectives in the process are as important.

在这项集体侦探工作中,关于艺术家,他们的技巧和随着时间的变化的线索被发现使我们更接近艺术家及其创作。

在约翰内斯·维尔默的情妇和女仆​​,可追溯到1667 - 68年,两名妇女考虑了一封新来的信。穿着优雅的情妇被戏剧性地照亮了,而谦虚的女仆从黑暗的背景中出现来传递这封信。

约翰内斯·维米尔(Johannes Vermeer)((1632–1675),情妇和女仆,1666-67。帆布上的油,5 1/2×31英寸(90.2×78.7厘米)
The Frick Collection, New York; Henry Clay Frick Bequest.

这封信的内容难以理解,情妇的模棱两可的反应引起了观众的神秘感和不确定性的感觉。

至少自1950年代以来,艺术史学家一直困扰着这幅画,这显然是由于窗帘在其原本黑暗而空荡荡的背景中的外观而感到困惑。甚至有人建议这幅画在Vermeer死后被另一只手完成后完成。

Our recent investigation has allowed us to address the questions and put these misunderstandings to rest. We discovered that the composition began with a tapestry or painting filling the background, and that this was later painted out by Vermeer, likely after deciding that a relatively dark and plain background would better focus on the women’s interactions.

我们发现,在早期的背景中,Vermeer在黑色和地球颜色的混合物中至少绘制了四个人物和其他元素,除了一些由铜基绿色或蓝色颜料组成的功能,并且这些元素被阻止在完全涂漆之前。

地图,镜子,绘画和挂毯经常装饰Vermeer的彩绘室内设计,因此其中一个元素的最初存在与艺术家的其他例子一致作品

我们的研究还可以肯定地确定,现在涵盖背景中元素的窗帘是原始的,其原始颜色和形式的变化导致一些学者推测该绘画未完成,负责今天的外观。

Elemental distribution maps obtained by macro X-ray fluorescence in Johannes Vermeer’s情妇和女仆showing the original composition in the background, later covered by Vermeer with a curtain, and the form of the curtain, which is now discolored and has lost form due to the degradation of the copper-based pigment used to paint it. Clockwise, from top left: iron, copper, calcium, and potassium.

现在,我们可以确认这种颜色和缺乏形式的变化是使用基于铜的颜料(如铜浓度)的结果。

科学家和保护者闻名,熟悉绿色的色素,熟悉绿色的色调。

蓝色桌布最初是绿色的,但保留了其建模和视觉影响。

有趣的是,Vermeer的房地产清单包括绿色桌布,他对直接观察非常感兴趣,因此他很可能在物体拥有后对该作品的元素进行了建模 - 这只是使我们更了解这位宏伟的艺术家的另一个方面。

我们希望我们的发现使人们更接近这种强大而令人回味的描述。

这项工作是大都会艺术博物馆和纽约市的弗里克收藏品和慕尼黑的多尔纳学院的科学家,保护者和策展人之间的合作。

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