Urio et al., 2022

Malaria continues to persist globally despite many years of concerted efforts to control and eliminate the disease.

在所有疟疾流行病地区，撒哈拉以南非洲地区生产es the heaviest burden of the disease，，，，with approximately 96% of deaths reported worldwide occurring in this region.

在用于防止疟疾传播的主要控制措施中，蚊子载体的控制是非洲预防疟疾的基石，包括室内残留喷涂（IRS），，，，Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs)，，，，environmental-based controls, and biological controls (e.g. natural predation by certainfish，，，，geckos等等）等。

In spite of evidence of gradual declines in cases since the year 2000, the疟疾的发病率正在增加，，，，particularly in countries with high malaria burdens. Compared to 2019, 14 million more cases and 69,000 additional deaths were reported in 2020, leaving current estimates at approximately 241 million cases and 627,000 deaths from malaria worldwide each year.

可能会恶化这一点，许多媒介控制策略受到迫在眉睫的挑战的威胁，例如疟疾媒介物种分布的转变，他们的叮咬模式的变化，，，，and fromwidespread insecticide resistancein targeted malaria vector species.

Insecticide resistance is particularly worrying, as insecticides are a mainstay of many vector-based control measures. Several of the chemicals used in insecticides for public health settings are also used in agriculture, and there are similarities in the insecticide use practices and usage environments between the two sectors.

一般来说，代的杀虫剂耐药性在蚊子中，通过适应发生在蚊子种群上施加的强烈选择压力resulting from their continuous contact with the insecticides. This leads to the ever-present risk of mosquitoes acting as vectors of malaria developing resistance through their continual exposure to high doses of insecticides due to their overlapping use in public health and agricultural practises, asshown by a study from Côte d’Ivoire。

目前有no stewardship of insecticide use in these sectors，，，，nor integration of their management and use practises.

已经表明，抗杀虫剂可以诱导‘fitness cost’in the resistant mosquito, such as those impacting their繁殖力，，，，larval development, adult emergence rates, body size, survivability and lifespan, among other things.

但是，如果暴露于农业农药会影响蚊子的适应性，以及如果杀虫剂的耐药性影响疟疾的传播潜力，这种因素与抗杀虫剂的耐药性如何相关。

来自坦桑尼亚，南非和苏格兰的国际研究人员开始调查这些问题在最近发表的寄生虫和向量的论文中。该小组重点关注坦桑尼亚东南部的四个农村村庄。

他们使用了由定性和定量方面组成的探索性混合方法方法，包括：

• 与农民讨论他们的土地和农药实践。
• 从四个村庄收集的蚊子中确定农药耐药性，繁殖力和翅膀长度（称为适应性参数）。
• 实验室饲养的蚊子的实验性暴露于农业农药的亚致死剂量，随后测量对公共卫生杀虫剂的耐药性以及繁殖力和翅膀长度的变化。

Farming practises in south-eastern Tanzania

Data showed that rice cultivation was most common across the four villages.Agrochemicaluse was heavy in three of the four villages, and mainly consisted of pyrethroid and organophosphate use.

通常，发现农民对公共卫生部门（例如IRS和ITN和农业部门）中使用的杀虫剂之间的重叠和相似性缺乏认识。但是，他们有兴趣学习更多，并愿意接受任何必要的培训，以便他们的农药使用“不影响疟疾控制”的努力。

现场收集的蚊子的敏感性和健身参数

Across all four villages, collected mosquitoes were found to be susceptible to DDT.

In three of the villages, resistance to twopyrethroids（（lambda cyhalothrin and permethrin) was observed, and additional resistance to a carbamate (bendiocarb） 和有机磷酸盐（（pyrimiphos methyl) was detected in two of those same villages. Mosquitoes from only one village were found to be susceptible to all five pesticides (V4).

至于健身参数，在所有四个村庄的蚊子中，总体繁殖力非常相似，随着翼的长度略有不同，范围为2.4至3.2mm。

Effects of sub-lethal pesticide exposures on fitness parameters of mosquitoes

Overall, there was no clear difference in insecticide susceptibility between mosquitoes exposed to sub-lethal doses of pesticides during their larval（（aquatic stage)，那些不暴露于农药的人。

Likewise, there were only minor decreases in fecundity in adult mosquitoes exposed to pesticides as larva, and those that weren’t exposed. Exposure to organophosphates prior to emergence as adults did however significantly reduce fecundity when the mosquitoes matured, as well as significantly reducing the overall wing length of those mosquitoes.

得出的结论

In this study, mosquitoes collected from the four villages in south-eastern Tanzania were generally resistant to pesticides used in both public health and agricultural settings, except one village that reported minimal pesticide use, with mosquitoes from this village determined to be the most susceptible population studied. This demonstrates a clear association between agricultural pesticide use, public health insecticide use, and mosquito resistance.

然而，农药对蚊子“健身”的影响仅是微不足道的。作者指出，这种边际差异可能反映出这样一个事实，即这些蚊子中的任何与抗性相关的健身成本可能发生在多代农药暴露期间，因此应进一步研究更长的时间。

这项工作还强调了改善农业化使用的管理，以及在农业和公共卫生部门采用杀虫剂使用的综合方法的必要性，以减少蚊子种群中广泛杀虫剂耐药性的风险，因为这将抑制和破坏马拉里亚氏菌的抗药性。向量控制措施。